Browsing tag: immunomodulacja

BADANIA MODELOWE NAD PATOGENEZĄ OSPY PRAWDZIWEJ: WPŁYW ORTOPOKSWIRUSÓW KROWIANKI, OSPY MYSZY I OSPY BYDŁA NA AKTYWACJĘ CZYNNIKA TRANSKRYPCYJNEGO NF-кB

Model studies on smallpox pathogenesis: the in&uence of vaccinia, mousepox and cowpox orthopoxviruses on the activation of transcription factor NF-кB
J. Struzik, M. Niemiałtowski

1. Wstęp. 2. Strategie immunomodulacyjne pokswirusów. 3. Rodzina czynników transkrypcyjnych NF-кB jako cel komórkowy immunomodulacji wirusowej. 4. Interakcje wirusa krowianki (VACV) z NF-кB. 5. Wpływ wirusa ospy myszy (ektromelii; ECTV) na aktywację NF-кB. 6. Interferencja wirusa ospy bydła (CPXV) z aktywacją NF-кB. 7. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Successful replication of the viral genome and the spreading of progeny virions are ensured by a repertoire of virus-encoded immunomodulatory proteins, which enable avoiding different mechanisms of cell response which are directed against pathogens. These strategies have also been evolved by poxviruses, which are being studied extensively due to the threat of the recurrence of smallpox caused by variola virus (VARV). This work describes three model viruses that are used in smallpox pathogenesis studies: vaccinia virus (VACV), ectromelia virus (ECTV) and cowpox virus (CPXV) and their in’uence on nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) activation. NF-кB is a widely studied multifunctional transcription factor that regulates both innate and adaptive mechanisms of immune response. The classical pathway of NF-кB activation is stimulated by viral infections; moreover, it can be modified by viral gene products. Poxvirus immunomodulatory proteins that interfere with NF-кB activation can be divided into several groups: ligand inhibitors, intracellular inhibitors of NF-кB, ankyrin repeat (ANK) NF-кB inhibitors and PYRIN domain (PYD) NF-кB inhibitors. The studies on their influence on the host immune response will lead to better understanding of viral pathogenesis and may help in drug and vaccines engineering in the future.

1. Introduction. 2. Poxvirus immunomodulatory strategies. 3. The NF-кB family of transcription factors as a cellular target for viral immunomodulation. 4. Interactions between vaccinia virus (VACV) and NF-кB. 5. The influence of mousepox (ectromelia; ECTV) virus on the activation of NF-кB. 6. Cowpox virus (CPXV) interference with the activation of NF-кB. 7. Summary

Zastosowanie bakteryjnych pęcherzyków zewnątrzbłonowych w konstrukcji szczepionek

Application of the bacterial outer membrane vesicles in vaccine design
J. Klim, R. Godlewska

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Biogeneza pęcherzyków zewnątrzbłonowych. 3. Funkcje pęcherzyków zewnątrzkomórkowych. 3.1. Udział w odpowiedzi na czynniki stresogenne. 3.2. Udział w transporcie pozakomórkowym. 3.3. Udział w tworzeniu biofilmu. 4. Pęcherzyki zewnątrzbłonowe w konstrukcji szczepionek. 4.1. Neisseria meningitidis. 4.2. Vibrio cholerae. 4.3. Bordetella pertussis. 4.4. Chlamydia trachomatis. 4.5. Burkholderia pseudomallei. 4.6. Acinetobacter baumannii. 4.7. Francisella noatunensis. 4.8. Shigella spp. 4.9. Campylobacter jejuni. 5. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are extracellular structures produced by most gram‑negative bacteria, including pathogens of humans and animals. OMVs play an important role in the physiology of microorganisms and are an integral part of many biological processes. Following the discovery that they are able to transport many biomolecules, also these which have the ability to interact with the immune system, their potential use as non‑replicating vaccines has become an important aspect of immunotherapeutic researches. These nano-sized elements exhibit remarkable potential for immunomodulation of immune response, thanks to the ability to deliver naturally or artificially incorporated antigens within their structure. First vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles was developed almost 30 years ago against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. This review presents some basic information on biogenesis and functions of OMVs. It also provides examples of pathogens, whose OMVs (in natural or modified form) have been used in the development of immunogenic vaccines against the organisms from which the vesicles had been obtained. OMVs are proving to be more versatile than first conceived and may become important part of biotechnology research, not limited to medical applications.

1. Introduction. 2. Outer membrane vesicles biogenesis. 3. Biological functions of outer membrane vesicles. 3.1. Role in response to stressors. 3.2. Role in the extracellular transport. 3.3. Role in biofilm formation. 4. OMVs in vaccine construction. 4.1. Neisseria meningitidis. 4.2. Vibrio cholerae. 4.3. Bordetella pertussis. 4.4. Chlamydia trachomatis. 4.5. Burkholderia pseudomallei. 4.6. Acinetobacter baumannii. 4.7. Francisella noatunensis. 4.8. Shigella spp. 4.9. Campylobacter jejuni. 5. Conclusions