Browsing tag: chorobotwórczość

CRONOBACTER SPP. – POWAŻNE ZAGROŻENIE W ŻYWNOŚCI DLA NIEMOWLĄT

Cronobacter spp. – the serious risk in a baby food
M. Gemba, E. Rosiak, D. Kołożyn-Krajewska

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Streszczenie: Cronobacter spp. uznawane są za oportunistyczne patogeny we wszystkich grupach wiekowych, szczególnie u wcześniaków, niemowląt z niską masą urodzeniową, osób w wieku podeszłym i osób z obniżoną odpornością. Obecnie rodzaj Cronobacter obejmuje siedem gatunków: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. muytjesii, C. universalis, C. dublinensis i C. condimenti. Trzy pierwsze gatunki Cronobacter zostały skojarzone z infekcjami klinicznymi noworodków i wcześniaków. Zakażenia bakteriami Cronobacter mogą powodować zapalenie komórek nerwowych, zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, tworzyć ropnie i torbiele mózgu prowadzące do wodogłowia oraz martwicze zapalenie jelit. Chociaż zakażenia wywołane przez Cronobacter spp. są rzadkie to współczynnik śmiertelności jest bardzo wysoki, jak również koszty związane z długoterminowym leczeniem powikłań po infekcji. Cronobacter spp. dzięki produkcji otoczek i biofilmu, termotoleracyjności jest odporny na wysuszenie i wykazuje przeżywalność w mieszankach mlekozastępczych i innych produktach o niskiej aktywności wody. Cronobacter spp. izolowano z warzyw, zbóż, płatków, ziemniaków, przypraw, mięsa, ryb, sera, tofu, ryżu, makaronu, czekolady, herbaty oraz z powierzchni abiotycznych w środowisku szpitalnym, z przedmiotów i sprzętu medycznego Na podstawie Rozporządzenia (WE) nr 2073/2005 z dnia 15 listopada 2005, z późniejszymi zmianami, Cronobacter spp. powinien być nieobecny w trzydziestu 10 g próbkach preparatów w proszku do początkowego żywienia niemowląt i żywności dietetycznej w proszku specjalnego przeznaczenia medycznego, przeznaczonego dla niemowląt w wieku do 6 miesięcy. W pracy podjęto temat oceny występowania zagrożenia powodowanego przez bakterie Cronobacter w żywności w świetle obowiązujących wymagań.
1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Objawy i chorobotwórczość Cronobacter spp. 3. Wymagania przepisów prawa. 4. Mechanizmy wirulencji Crono-bacter spp. 5. Taksonomia Cronobacter spp. 6. Występowanie Cronobacter spp. w żywności. 7. Oporność Cronobacter spp. na warunki stresowe. 8. Tworzenie biofilmu przez bakterie z rodzaju Cronobacter. 9. Wykrywanie i oznaczanie liczby Cronobacter spp. 10. Antybiotykooporność Cronobacter spp. 11. Podsumowanie

 

Abstract: Cronobacter spp. are considered opportunistic pathogens in all age groups, especially in premature babies, children with low birth weight, the elderly and immunocompromised people. Currently, the genus Cronobacter includes seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. muytjesii, C. universalis, C. dublinensis and C. condimenti. The first three species of Cronobacter have been associated with clinical infections of newborns and premature babies. Cronobacter bacterial infections can cause neuritis, encephalomyelitis, the formation of abscesses and cysts of the brain leading to hydrocephalus and necrotizing enterocolitis. Often infected with Cronobacter spp. are rare, the mortality rate is very high, as well as the costs associated with temporarily treating post-infection complications. Cronobacter spp. due to the production of capsule and biofilm, high thermotolerance is resistant to drying and survival loads in milk replacers and other products with water activity. Cronobacter spp. isolated from milk replacers used for the initial feeding of infants, with vegetables, cereals, potatoes, spices, meat, fish, cheese, tofu, rice, pasta, chocolate, tea and abiotic surfaces in a hospital, with medical products and equipment. Under the Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of 15 November 2005, Cronobacter spp. should be absent in thirty 10 g samples of infant formulas and infant dietetic powders intended for infants up to 6 months old. The subject of the study is the assessment of the occurrence the hazard caused by Cronobacter in food in the light of applicable requirements.
1. Introduction. 2. Symptoms and pathogenicity Cronobacter spp. 3. Legal requirements. 4. Virulence mechanism Cronobacter spp. 5. Taxonomy Cronobacter spp. 6. Occurrence Cronobacter spp. in food. 7. Resistance Cronobacter spp. to stress conditions. 8. Biofilm formation by bacteria genus Cronobacter. 9. Detection and determination of numbers Cronobacter spp. 10. Antibiotic resistance Cronobacter spp. 11. Summary

Wystepowanie i chorobotwórczość dla człowieka potencjalnie toksynotwórczych maczugowców – Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans i Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

The occurrence and pathogenicity of potentially toxinogenic corynebacteria – Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans i Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
A. A. Zasada

1. Charakterystyka rodzaju. 2. Występowanie w środowisku. 3. Zakażenia człowieka. 4. Czynniki zjadliwości. 4.1. Toksyna błonicza. 4.2. Inne czynniki zjadliwości. 4.2.1. Czynniki adhezji. 4.2.2. Pobieranie żelaza. 4.2.3. Fosfolipaza D (Pld). 4.2.4. Proteazy serynowe. 4.2.5. Neuraminidaza H (NanH). 5. Podsumowanie

Abstract: C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis are closely related species possessing the ability to produce the lethal diphtheria toxin. The toxin is considered as the main virulence factor, but these species express also other virulence factors so nontoxigenic strains of the species are also able to cause serious infections. The interest in the virulence factors other then diphtheria toxin has been increasing and new factors and virulence mechanisms have been investigated. This paper is an overview of C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis infections in humans, presenting the mechanism of action of diphtheria toxin adhesive factors, iron uptake systems and other putative virulence factors.

1. Description of the genus. 2. Occurrence in the environment. 3. Human infections. 4. Virulence factors. 4.1. Diphtheria toxin. 4.2.  Other virulence factors. 4.2.1. Adhesive factors. 4.2.2. Iron utilization. 4.2.3. Phospholipase D (Pld). 4.2.4. Serine proteases. 4.2.5. Neuraminidase H (NanH). 5. Summary

Chorobotwórczość chlamydii środowiskowych dla ludzi i zwierząt

Pathogenicity of environmental chlamydiae for humans and animals
M. Pawlikowska-Warych, J. Palma, W. Deptuła

1. Wstęp. 2. Chlamydie środowiskowe chorobotwórcze dla ludzi i zwierząt. 2.1. Chorobotwórczość rodziny Parachlamydiaceae. 2.2. Chorobotwórczość rodziny Simkaniaceae. 2.3. Chorobotwórczość rodziny Rhabdochlamydiaceae. 2.4. Chorobotwórczość rodziny Waddliaceae. 2.5. Chorobotwórczość innych chlamydii. 3. Diagnostyka chlamydii środowiskowych 4. Podsumowanie

Abstract: More and more attention has been paid to environmental chlamydiae in recent years. They were classified as pathogenic bacteria for both humans and animals. Thanks to molecular biology techniques, the following nine families of environmental chlamydiae were assigned to the order of Chlamydiales: Candidatus Clavichlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Candidatus Piscichlamydiaceae, Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Waddliaceae, Candidatus Actinochlamydiacae and Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae. These bacteria are considered the infectious factors of zoonoses due to the fact that they can be found among pets and livestock such as cats, guinea pigs, sheep, cattle, and even fish. Many of these animals also suffer from diseases caused by these bacteria. In this study, while characterizing environmental chlamydiae, special attention has been paid to illnesses of the respiratory tract caused by Simkania negevensis, and to the abortions among people and ruminants caused by Waddlia chondrophila. Furthermore, the species of the Rhabdochlamydiaceae family , as well as the bacteria from the Parachlamydiaceae family responsible for eye illnesses in humans and animals, are also characterized in this work. Lastly, newly discovered fish chlamydiae, which are potential factors of illnesses in humans and terrestial animals, are also presented in this paper.

1. Introduction. 2. Pathogenicity of environmental chlamydiae for humans and animals. 2.1. Pathogenicity of the Parachlamydiaceae family. 2.2. Pathogenicity of the Simkaniaceae family. 2.3. Pathogenicity of the Rhabdochlamydiaceae family. 2.4. Pathogenicity of the Waddliaceae family. 2.5. Pathogenicity of other chlamydia. 3. Diagnostics of environmental chlamydiae. 4. Conclusions

Grzyby z rodzaju Scopulariopsis – mało znane patogeny człowieka

Fungi of the genus Scopulariopsis – ill-defined human pathogens
M. Skóra, J. Bielecki, M. Bulanda, A. B. Macura, T. Jagielski

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Pozycja taksonomiczna. 3. Morfologia. 4. Występowanie. 5. Znaczenie w medycynie człowieka. 5.1. Grzybice skóry i paznokci. 5.2. Inne postacie zakażeń. 6. Diagnostyka zakażeń. 7. Wrażliwość na leki przeciwgrzybicze. 8. Leczenie. 9. Podsumowanie. 10. Piśmiennictwo

Abstract: The genus Scopulariopsis accommodates more than 30 species of mitosporic moulds. Their natural habitat is the soil, where they live as saprophytes and are involved in the decomposition of organic matter. However, some members of the Scopulariopsis genus may cause opportunistic infections in humans. Superficial skin lesions and onychomycosis in particular are the most predominant clinical manifestations. Much rarer are subcutaneous, deep tissue and disseminated infections, most of which occur in immunocompromised individuals and are associated with high mortality. Treatment of Scopulariopsis infections is difficult and usually empirically-based, one reason for this being resistance of Scopulariopsis spp. to a broad spectrum of antifungal agents. Identification of pathogenic Scopulariopsis spp. still largely relies on the phenotype-based methods, employing both morphological and biochemical criteria. These methods require highly qualified personnel and are usually considered as slow and laborious, often leading to misidentification. Therefore, molecular diagnostic methods are preferred, since they provide rapid, high-throughout, unambiguous and highly specific identification of fungal pathogens. Earlier attempts to develop assays for detecting Scopulariopsis spp. resulted in limited success. These assays, almost exclusively based on the hypervariable regions of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA, often produce inconclusive results and, more importantly, lack specificity, being unable to discriminate between different Scopulariopsis spp. Hence, currently available molecular methods do not allow inter- and intra-species differentiation of Scopulariopsis fungi.

1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomic position. 3. Morphology. 4. Distribution. 5. Significance in human medicine. 5.1. Skin and nail mycoses. 5.2. Other forms of infections. 6. Diagnosis of infections. 7. Antifungal susceptibility. 8. Treatment. 9. Summary. 10. References

Chorobotwórczość Lactobacillus sp. – czynniki ryzyka, identyfikacja, antybiotykooporność

Pathogenicity of Lactobacillus sp. – risk factors, identification, antibiotic resistance
M. Kłos

1. Wstęp. 2. Czynniki zwiększające ryzyko infekcji Lactobacillus sp. 3. Identyfikacja Lactobacillus sp. 4. Chorobotwórczość Lactobacillus sp. 5. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Lactobacilli are found in the mucous membrane of the mouth, in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and in the genitourinary tract. It is known that lactobacilli have a beneficial effect on our health and are used in the production of fermented milk, yoghurts, cheese, and probiotics. However, in this article I show that lactic acid bacteria also cause many diseases. Lactobacilli produce lactic acid which acidifies the environment. There are some factors increasing the risk of infection caused by lactobacilli, such as neutropenia in immunocompromised patients and certain underlying diseases, especially diabetes. Also, lactobacilli have a natural resistance to some antibiotics, especially vancomycin. The identification of lactobacilli can be very difficult due to the number of species, subspecies and genotypic or phenotypic traits. The most advanced procedures are molecular DNA-based techniques. Conventional biochemical tests can be also used to determine some differences. Lactobacilli infection can affect both a single organ and the whole organism, causing for example lactobacillemia. The main disease caused by lactobacilli is endocarditis.

1. Introduction. 2. Risk factors. 3. Identification. 4. Pathogenicity. 5. Conclusions