All posts by Postępy Mikrobiologii

MIKROBIOLOGICZNA DIAGNOSTYKA ZAKAŻEŃ IMPLANTÓW STAWU BIODROWEGO

Microbiological diagnostics of prosthetic hip joint infections
D. Strzelec - Nowak, A. Bogut, J. Niedźwiadek, M. Kozioł - Montewka, A. Sikora
25 April 2018
1. Wstęp. 2. Diagnostyka. 3. Obluzowanie aseptyczne. 4. Obluzowanie septyczne. 5. Subpopulacje SCV. 6. Biofilm bakteryjny. 7. Hodowla bakteriologiczna. 8. Sonikacja. 9. Płyn stawowy. 10. Okołooperacyjna profilaktyka. 11. Podsumowanie
Abstract: A prosthetic hip joint loosening – septic or aseptic, is a consequence of a host defence a gainst a foreign body material. Aseptic loosening is connected with small wear debris peeling of from material the implant is composed of. Prosthetic hip joint infection is one of the most serious complications of hip arthroplasty, which is associated with biofilm growing on the implant`s surface and the presence of small colony variants (SCV) of microorganisms. Culture of microorganisms from removed orthopedic implants combined with sonication is simple and useful method to di;erentiate aseptic type of loos ening from bacterial infection. Another simple way is to estimate synovial fluid leukocyte count and percentage of neutrophils. All the mentioned methods, distinguishing two types of implant loosening, are very important in order to administer the appropriate antimicrobial treatment.
1. Introduction. 2. Diagnostics. 3. Aseptic failure. 4. Prosthetic joint infection. 5. SCV subpopulation. 6. Bacterial biofilm. 7. Microbiological culture. 8. Sonication. 9. Synovial fluid. 10. Perioperative prophylaxis. 11. Summar
Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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ZAKAŻENIA MIEJSCA OPEROWANEGO – CHARAKTERYSTYKA CZYNNIKÓW RYZYKA, ENDOGENNYCH ŹRÓDEŁ ZAKAŻENIA I METODY ZAPOBIEGANIA

Surgical site infections-characterization of risk factors, endogenous sources of infection and methods of prevention
M. Montewka, A. Skrzek, D. Plewik, S. Rudzki, A. Wysokiński, M. Kozioł-Montewka
24 April 2018

1. Wstęp. 2. Czynniki ryzyka zakażeń. 3. Najczęstsze patogeny w zakażeniach chirurgicznych. 4. Zakażenia miejsca operowanego po operacjach kardiochirurgicznych. 5. Zakażenia u pacjentów po wszczepieniu stymulatora oraz kardiowertera defibrylatora. 6. Metody zapobiegania ZMO. 7. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common and potentially preventable postoperative complication. It is one of the most frequent nosocomial complications representing about a fie following three factors are the determinants of any infectious process: 1. The infecting organism, 2. The environment in which the infection takes place (the local response), 3. The host defense mechanism, which deals systematically with the infectious process. Taking into account the incidence of surgical site infections and resulting serious health problems the risk of infection needs to by assessed. The risk of infection is associated with the clinical and environmental conditions, and above all with the source of infection. As shown, a frequent source of infection is the normal flora of the patient i.e. Intestinal bacteria in the case of operations on the abdomen and skin flora in the case of cardiac surgery. Measures to reduce the risk of infection include the shortening of the endogenous flora of the patient stay in hospital, prophylactic eradication of MRSA from nasal mucosa of the atria, better personal hygiene before surgery, adequate perioperative prophylaxis and proper care of wounds.

1. Introduction. 2. Risk factors of infection. 3. The most common pathogens in surgical site infection (SSI).  4. SSI after cardiac surgery. 5. Infections in patients after implantation of permanent pacemaker and cardioverter defibrillator. 6. Methods of preventing SSI. 7. Summary

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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ROLA PROTEAZY ASPARTYLOWEJ W WIRULENCJI CANDIDA ALBICANS CZĘŚĆ I. SPECYFICZNOŚĆ SUBSTRATOWA PROTEAZY ASPARTYLOWEJ A PATOGENEZA ZAKAŻEŃ CANDIDA ALBICANS

Role of aspartic proteinases in Candida albicans virulence. Part I. Substrate specificity of aspartic proteinases and Candida albicans pathogenesis
M. Staniszewska, M. Bondaryk, K. Siennicka, J. Piłat, M. Schaller, W. Kurzątkowski
24 April 2018

1. Wstęp. 1.1. Candida albicans – patogen oportunistyczny. 1.2. Kandydozy. 2. Zewnątrzkomórkowe enzymy a wirulencja C. albicans. 3. Produkcja proteazy aspartylowej przez morfotypy C. albicans. 4. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Candida albicans resides mainly as a harmless commensal in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and some cutaneous areas of humans. However, in individuals who are immunocompromised or debilitated in some other way, C. albicans is responsible for superficialy-localized or systemic infections. Candida albicans produces a large family of secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) which are key virulence factors in C. albicans pathogenesis. Saps contribute to infection by degrading tissue barriers and destroying host defense molecules. The secretion of Saps varies depending on the C. albicans’morphologies, the site and stage of infection, and the nature of the host response. This review the focuses on characteristics and function of the members of aspartyl proteinases, which have been studied in more detail. It should be noted that the discrepancies in individual Sap’s role in the virulence of C. albicans may result from differences in the sensitivity of methods used, or differences in infection models and stage of the epithelial cells, or variability among C. albicans strains.

1. Introduction. 1.1. Candida albicans as a commensal and as a pathogen. 1.2. Candidiasis. 2. Extracellular enzymes and C. albicans virulence. 3. Candida albicans aspartic proteinases. 4. Summary

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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ROLA PROTEAZY ASPARTYLOWEJ W WIRULENCJI CANDIDA ALBICANS CZĘŚĆ II: EKSPRESJA SAP1-10 PROTEAZY ASPARTYLOWEJ PODCZAS ZAKAŻEŃ CANDIDA ALBICANS IN VIVO

Role of aspartic proteinases in Candida albicans virulence. Part II: Expression of SAP1-10 aspartic proteinase during Candida albicans infections in vivo
M. Staniszewska, M. Bondaryk, K. Siennicka, J. Piłat, M. Schaller, W. Kurzątkowski
20 April 2018

1. Ekspresja genów proteazy aspartylowej podczas zakażeń Candida albicans in vivo. 2. Ekspresja genów proteazy aspartylowej u innych gatunków z rodzaju Candida. 3. Inhibitory proteazy aspartylowej. 4. Podsumowanie

Abstract: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen known to produce several secreted hydrolytic enzymes, among which aspartic proteinases are considered to be a key virulence factor in pathogenesis. During last decade, Saps have been extensively studied in several in vivo studies based on human samples and animal models. It has been demonstrated that SAP5 and SAP9 are the most highly expressed proteinase genes in vivo. Despite many studies, very little is known about SAP7 and SAP8 role in C. albicans pathogenesis. Moreover, this review presents Sap regulation by nutritional supplementation and environmental factors, i.e. temperature, pH and the growth phase of C. albicans cells. In addition, Saps presence is discussed in Candida tropicalis as well as Candida parapsilosis and Candida guilliermondii as contribution of these non-albicans Candida strains in clinical infections is gradually increasing. Furthermore, the review underscores the need for studies using Sap enzymes as a potential drug-target due to their key role in virulence of Candida spp. The studies using the classical aspartic PI pepstatin A and HIV PIs provided evidence for the contribution of Sap to C. albicans virulence. Therefore, more conclusive studies concerning the 10 SAP gene expression and their regulation during infective process, association of Saps production with other virulence processes of C. albicans and Saps immune response in animal and human infection still have to be conducted.

1. Aspartic proteinase genes expression during Candida albicans infections in vivo. 2. Other non-albicans species that produce aspartic proteinases. 3. Aspartic proteinase inhibitors 4. Summary

Autor: Postępy Mikrobiologii
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CHLAMYDIE ŚRODOWISKOWE – NOWE DANE

Environmental chlamydiae – new data
Małgorzata Pawlikowska, Wiesław Deptuła
20 April 2018

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Charakterystyka rodziny Parachlamydiaceae. 3. Charakterystyka rodziny Simkaniaceae. 4. Charakterystyka rodziny Rhabdochlamydiaceae. 5. Charakterystyka rodziny Waddliaceae. 6. Charakterystyka rodziny Piscichlamydiaceae. 7. Charakterystyka rodziny Clavochlamydiaceae. 8. Charakterystyka rodziny Criblamydiaceae. 9. Charakterystyka chlamydii niesklasyfikowanych. 10. Podsumowanie

Abstract: To date, studies concerning bacteria from the order  were focused on a pathogen belonging to Chlamydiaceae family. Lately, thanks to molecular biology techniques, the taxonomy of Chlamydiales was expanded with four new families: Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Piscichlamydiaceae, Clavochlamydiaceae and Criblamydiaceae and new isolates non-classified to any family. Tese bacteria are isolated as endosymbionts of insects, fishes and from water and water desposits. Among these microorganisms, environmental chlamydiae have been identified, as pathogens of human and animals.

1. Introduction. 2. Characteristics of Parachlamydiaceae family. 3. Characteristics of Simkaniaceae family. 4. Characteristics of Rhabdochlamydiaceae family. 5. Characteristics of Waddliaceae family. 6. Characteristics of Piscichlamydiaceae family. 7. Characteristics of Clavochlamydiaceae family. 8. Characteristics of Criblamydiaceae family. 9. Characteristics of non-classified chlamydiae. 10. Summary

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Advancements of Microbiology
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